Of the most severe operations in the oil and gas industry are operations under high pressure and high temperatures where pressures and temperatures exceed 1000 psi and 212°F (100°C). Such operations may contain a variety of chemical constituents such as CO2 and H2S gases, hydrocarbons, and water. To address corrosion issues, materials engineers look into either upgrading to expensive alloys or use protective coatings. However, selection of protective coatings for such environments could be challenging.

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