The initiation of scientific investigation of specific interactions between floor materials and traction began during the 1920’s by pioneer researcher R.B. Hunter and continued by S.V. James during the first half of the 20th century. This research established the standard utilized by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. and eventually to the initial standards developed by the ASTM D 21 committee. This work established the benchmark for determining the static co-efficient of friction of a surface, as well as creating a means for examining the relative slip resistance of other surfaces intended for pedestrian traffic on working and walking surfaces.

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