Barnacles, wood rot and sea worms have been the bane of a sailor’s existence since humans first began floating across the sea. Rosin, tar and pitch used as early as the 1400’s to preserve ship hulls were blended with train oil (whale oil) and brimstone (sulfur) for the ships of the Royal Navy up to the middle 1700’s. Finally in 1761 the HMS Alarm became the first copper bottomed ship in the Royal Navy, and the age of heavy metals was underway. As the age of sail and wood gave way to the age of steam and steel, copper plating was replaced with heavy metal based paints using primarily tin and copper as antifouling agents.

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