...Abstract The use of corrosion inhibitors to control top of the line corrosion (TLC) of steels exposed to CO₂ environments is common in the oil and gas industry. The performance of such chemicals depends on the physical nature of the steel surface and the stability of corrosion product...

... of VCI efficiency. The objective of this work is twofold: Abstract Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC) is now known to be the main mode of failure in incidents associated with a number of wet gas pipelines operated all over the world. TLC is nevertheless a relatively recent phenomenon in a sense that its...

...-volatile liquid corrosion inhibitor through the gas phase and combat Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC). However, such an approach is only viable if the inhibitor can reach the top of the pipe and deposit at a rate higher than the local rate of condensing water can dilute it. This work presents a combined...

... of protective layer formation and undermining by corrosion. sour top of the line corrosion H₂S water condensation rate localized corrosion INTRODUCTION Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC) mechanisms of sweet (CO₂ dominated) and sour (H₂S dominated) environments are different...

... between the wet gas stream and the outside environment, leading to top of the line corrosion (TLC). TLC is caused by the dissolution of corrosive gases, like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, in the condensed water. The presence of acetic acid can also enhance TLC. In sweet environment, the initially...

... corrosion and calculation of the corrosion rate based on inspection and monitoring. Since 2006, no significant changes were reported and the conclusions of the 2006 paper are still valid. However, during the last 10 years the top of the line corrosion (TLC) became an important issue and this aspect...

... * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The mechanism and mitigation of top of the line corrosion (TLC) is still an on-going research interest because of their consequences on carbon steel pipelines transporting wet gas. The use of conventional corrosion...

...Abstract During the last fifteen years several methods, techniques, tools and products have been developed for the prediction, control and monitoring of top of the line corrosion (TLC) and also for the design of wet gas pipelines. However, most of the knowledge used for dealing with TLC was based...

... described as top of the line corrosion (TLC). Conventional corrosion inhibitors are transported to the pipeline surface through the produced fluids, and in the absence of turbulence in the pipeline, the effectiveness of conventional continuous inhibitors at the top of the line is drastically reduced...

... lead to the so-called Top-of-the-Line Corrosion (TLC). However, a certain fraction of hydrocarbons will co-condense along with the water vapor resulting in two immiscible liquids at the pipe wall with a different wettability and different corrosivity. To elucidate the role of co-condensation, corrosion...

...Field description BACKGROUND Top of the line corrosion H₂S CO₂ Water condensation rate Abstract The Karan offshore development is expected to produce a large quantity of natural gas but no hydrocarbon condensate. Liquid water is, however, projected to be present through...

... as shown in Figure 5 . Surface roughness reported in this paper was referred to arithmetic average value (Ra). Abstract Top of the line corrosion (TLC) is a great concern in wet gas transportation where temperature gradient between the internals of the pipeline and the outside environment leads...

... of H₂S (up to 0.13 bars) and acetic acid (up to 1000 ppm) on the more standard CO₂ Top of the Line Corrosion. A comprehensive analysis on the effect of these parameters on the type of corrosion product film formed at the top of the line is performed. Top of the line corrosion H₂S...

... study of five parameters identified as having a significant influence on Top of the Line Corrosion: partial pressure of CO₂, condensation rate, gas temperature, organic acid concentration and gas velocity. A comprehensive analysis of the effect of each of these five parameters on the type...

... † email: [email protected] Abstract Top of the line corrosion (TLC) is a prominent issue in the production of wet gas costing many millions of dollars every year in the replacement of affected pipelines and chemical inhibition. The effect of condensation rate on the inhibition efficiency...

... mechanisms. Current industry practice is to use sweet corrosion prediction methodologies to establish the risk of top of line corrosion in sour systems. This paper will demonstrate through field validated laboratory results that this approach may be inadequate and propose operational practices to manage...

... in a wet gas pipeline based on the location: bottom of the line corrosion, sidewall corrosion and at the top of the line corrosion 5 . The corrosive environment and conditions are considerably different at each of these locations. At the bottom of the line, the liquid is accumulated...

... to predict the concentration of acetic acid at the top of the line. EXPERIMENTAL WORK * Current Address: Occidental Petroleum Corporation, 28590 Highway 119, P.O. Box 1001, Tupman, CA 93276-1001. Abstract The three key aspects of the top of the line corrosion process are condensation, chemical speciation...

... have historically proven to be a long-term corrosion control solution, even with difficult to treat applications such as top of the line corrosion. For hydraulic efficiency, internal plastic coatings have shown to be able to improve overall flow, allowing for a reduction in pipe size simply by reducing...

... corrosion issues at the bottom of the line) is not effective as they cannot reach the top of the line easily. Top of the Line Corrosion has become a growing concern in the oil and gas industry and a better understanding of the corrosion mechanisms involved is needed. At the same time there are no predictive...