...Insulation Top of Line Corrosion Corrosion management Thermal mapping INTRODUCTION A visual inspection of a subsea field development, transporting wet gas, containing approximately 1.5 to 2 mol% of CO₂ to shore, was conducted via ROV (remotely operated vehicle). The pipeline system...

... inhibitor in specific aqueous environments. These observations prompted a study into whether such behavior is apparent in a CO₂ top of line corrosion (TLC) scenario i.e. when HAc dissolves into condensed water which forms on the upper internal wall of carbon steel pipelines during wet-gas...

... to minimize these costs and to direct the efforts to improve reliability and availability of the structure. ¹ This paper presents a risk assessment study to evaluate the Top of Line Corrosion (TLC) for one major gas subsea pipeline. This line transfers the gas with composition shown in Table 1...

...Test conditions Abstract Recent research has shown that sour top of line corrosion (TLC) is different from sweet TLC. The steel surface temperature is the most important factor for sour TLC while condensation is less important. Failures due to sour TLC are relatively rare, but some cases have...

..., particularly when considering the more challenging case of TOL corrosion inhibitor chemical performance testing. Top of line corrosion TOL wall shear stress stratified flow field to laboratory testing INTRODUCTION The complexity of flow and transport present in gas and gas-condensate pipelines can lead...

... and condensation rate Abstract Although relatively few failures associated with sour top of line corrosion (TLC) have been reported in field, it has been recognised as a corrosion threat, particularly if methanol is present. The toxicity and flammability of H₂S, however, puts significant health...

... in the MEG cycle, and this effect was included when the experimental content of organic acids was selected. TLC basics Abstract Top of line corrosion (TLC) was studied in a flow loop under conditions representative for a gas field with a low CO₂ partial pressure of 0.35 bar and presence...

...(3) CO 2 + H 2 O = H 2 CO 3 = H + + HCO 3 − = CO 3 2 − + 2 H + Abstract Many approaches have been used for modeling Top of Line Corrosion (TLC). One common principle is that TLC is limited by the amount of iron that can be transported...

... a significant contribution to the top of line corrosion rate. The paper discusses the experimental approaches and the results obtained in the corrosion film formation and organic acid replenishment studies. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Corrosion film stability experiments INTRODUCTION The Top of Line Corrosion...

...An experimental project was initiated in order to study top of line corrosion under conditions typical for a planned gas pipeline with 10 bar CO₂ with traces of H₂S and considerable amounts of acetic acid in the gas. The project was focused on studying the effects of acetic...

... environments. Experimental results presented in this paper will demonstrate the effects of H₂S concentration, top-of-line temperature, and condensation rate on TOL corrosion in slightly sour environments. Top of line corrosion condensation sour corrosion slightly sour sweet corrosion...

... no. 00071 2 Edwards   Ma , Cramer   B . Top of Line Corrosion-Diagnosis, Root Cause Analysis and Treatment . Corrosion/00 , paper no. 00072 3 Vitse   F , Alam   K , Gunaltun   Y , et al . Semi-empirical model for prediction of the Top-Of-the-Line corrosion risk...

... has a secondary effect on sweet TOL corrosion. Top of line corrosion condensation sweet corrosion INTRODUCTION TOL corrosion is reported to occur in large diameter wet gas pipeline in stratified flow conditions due to low fluid velocities. With increasing distance from the inlet, the wet gas...

...Abstract For control of top of line corrosion (TLC) in multiphase wet gas lines, the best technique currently available on the market is the TLCC-PIG (or spray pig). Its main disadvantages are firstly the necessity of monthly treatment, which may not be compatible with the production requirements...

... the value of combined action and evaluation of MFL and SIC techniques. Top of line corrosion eddy current technology magnetic flux leakage wet gas pipeline INTRODUCTION Prevalent growth of corrosion constitutes a major risk for pipeline integrity and operation. For instance, Top of Line Corrosion (TLC...

... of Thailand ⁽¹⁾ has been operated since year 1992. The sealines have been subjected to top of line corrosion (TLC) since the production start-up. After detection of the first TLC case in this field in year 1999, different possibilities were investigated to reduce the corrosion rate to a reasonable...

... of the Line Corrosion (TLC) control by volatile inhibitors and confirm appropriate batching period as was determined through laboratory testing results. Top of line corrosion Volatile corrosion inhibitor Batch treatment inhibitor Cooled probe INTRODUCTION During the first two development phases of “field...

... condensation rates were high when compared with other pipe surface locations (cold spot corrosion ¹ ). top of line corrosion corrosion prediction CO₂ corrosion modeling INTRODUCTION About Bongkot Field and TLC Problems Bongkot is an offshore gas field in the Gulf of Thailand ( Figure...

... and/or protectiveness of iron carbonate scales. Regarding top of line corrosion, Singer et al. ¹⁰ outlined the effect of the presence of organic acids on sweet TLC through a parametric study using acetic acid as the organic acid. It was observed that acetic acid, when present in high concentrations (1,000...

...Abstract Top of line corrosion has been studied in a flow loop where moist gas is circulated and water is condensed on 1.8 m long carbon steel pipes with external cooling. The condensed water is collected at the end of each test section. This setup enables measurement of top of line corrosion...