... and the subsequent rate of precipitation of calcium carbonate and determine the ability of microalgae for the uptake of heavy metals. calcium carbonate scale zinc cadmium nickel copper microalgae kinetics Adsorption of heavy metals on calcite Zinc (Zn) Zn (II) sorption were measured on calcite. Saturated...

... scaling stress. Finally, government regulations are also playing a role as withdrawal and discharge limits are being put in place. ^{2 - 3} ABSTRACT With increased usage of recycled or reclaimed water, cooling systems have become even more dynamic in nature. These sources of makeup water...

...). Test inhibitors seemed to retard transformation of the least stable vaterite. scale calcium carbonate inhibition mono-ethylene glycol acrylic polymers INTRODUCTION As may be seen in Figure 3 however, the morphology of the crystallites suggested the presence vaterite and aragonite at sufficiently...

...ABSTRACT Multiphase flow processes taking place in oil production operations, CO₂ and/or natural gas storage in underground reservoirs, in geothermal energy production, membrane operations etc., are accompanied with undesirable scale deposits formation either on rocks or on the walls...

...FIELD APPLICATION A sour oil well with ~4 mole% H₂S in gas phase has suffered severe corrosion and scale blockage in the downhole tubing. The inner diameter (ID) of the downhole tubing measured by the caliper log before the scale removal treatment is shown in Figure 2 . Figure 2...

... a material prone to internal corrosion when exposed to an aqueous environment containing CO₂, ³ implies that corrosion is a chief concern for pipeline integrity management. Abstract This work focuses on the interplay between protective iron carbonate surface scales and hydrate...

...scale calcium carbonate calcium sulphate ESP INTRODUCTION Abstract Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) in oilfield is prone to scale deposition, largely due to temperature increases by motor heating, and turbulent flow and high shear inside of pump. In this work, the formation of calcium sulphate...

...For exotic type scale testing, e.g. halite and silicate, KTT can be especially helpful for obtaining good operational and reproducible data, compared with other testing methods. For halite testing, there is not an industry-recognized test method for laboratory testing of halite because...

... acid corrosion occurs, there is Fe oxide under the FeS scale or there is no scale in the area with strong flow but Figure 3 shows only the FeS scale was confirmed. It is expected to be high temperature sulfidation damage mechanism. Abstract This study is a case study about three high temperature...

... was also proposed based on the physical proprieties and the nature of the surface. CO₂ corrosion iron carbonate top of the line corrosion decanethiol cementite scale INTRODUCTION Chemical composition and microstructure of carbon steel plays an important role in corrosion processes. In 1963...

.... Scales up to 16μm thick under the polymer liner were noted and the main detected phases were pyrrhotite, and pyrite. No sulfide stress cracking was detected on the metallic host pipe behind the liner. Sectioning of lined pipe section immediately after test The cutting positions A1, A2 and B are shown...

...The application of polymeric dispersants has been studied as an alternatively feasible method to control sulfide scale deposition problems. ^{10 - 14} Bhandari et al. ^{11 - 12} and Li et al. ¹³ demonstrated that amide group water soluble polymers worked effectively...

... this research and published values, a new iron sulfide (mackinawite) solubility model, which combines Pitzer theory and speciation approach, has been developed. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Abstract In this study, a plug flow reactor was built to investigate iron sulfide scale precipitation at various temperatures...

...Abstract Silica scales are perhaps the most recalcitrant deposits in the water treatment industry. Silica scale control can be achieved either by silica removal or by chemical inhibitors. Our goal is the discovery, design and application of organic additives that have some effect on silica...

...Abstract Metal sulfide mineral scaling, fouling and deposition are frequently encountered problems in geothermal systems. Their formation, crystallization and deposition occur principally because of their extremely low solubility, based on the low solubility product (K_sp...

... and low and high temperature stability, etc. to be deemed to be suitable for subsea applications ^{7 , 8} . Two of the main technical issues for production facilities in the North Sea are the control of the scaling and corrosion risks, which are due to the inherent properties of the produced fluid...

...The Brine Chemistry Consortium (BCC) at Rice University has been studying FeS precipitation kinetics, solubility, phase transformation and investigating chemical formula for FeS scale control for several years. ^{8 - 13} We also developed strictly anoxic apparatus for batch and plug-flow...

...INTRODUCTION Corrosion and scale deposition are common flow assurance issues in sour gas wells. Iron sulfide deposition is an exotic scale deposited during oil and gas production, especially for deep sour gas wells producing from high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) reservoirs. It can cause...

...Silica scale formation is an intricately complex process. It is usually favored at a pH of less than 8.5, whereas magnesium silicate scale forms at a pH of more than 8.5. ¹⁴ Existing data reveal that silica solubility is essentially independent of pH in the range of 6 to 8. Silica...

...The high temperatures of geothermal wells can create quite a challenge for chemical scale control in terms of inhibition performance and thermal stability and this limits the chemistry of scale inhibitors that can be applied under these conditions. For calcium carbonate scale control phosphonates...