... for venting, annulus filling or not, and removal of casings. A summary of lessons learned are included. Casing Cathodic Protection Gas Water Pipelines Sacrificial Anodes INTRODUCTION Prior to the 1970s casings were viewed as a means for a water or energy pipeline to cross under roadways or railroads...

...Abstract In recent years the use of sacrificial anodes for cathodic protection in reinforced concrete structures has increased reflecting ease of installation, low maintenance requirements as well as desirability in prestressed concrete structures where the naturally controlled protection...

.... It goes on to identify interference effects between such systems, and investigates a number of different situations in which destructive interference can occur. Conclusions are reached of practices that can be adopted to avoid such destructive interference. Galvanic anodes sacrificial anodes Cathodic...

... Reservoir Injection Deoxygenation Sieve Trays Sacrificial Anodes INTRODUCTION Beneath the desert lands of Saudi Arabia lay ancient reserves of water and oil. Both have been tapped into within several decades beyond their use in millennia. Since its start, the oil industry has fueled city and suburb...

... internal metallic structures. This paper describes case studies, where enhancement of CP system is made to avoid premature failure of sacrificial anodes. Sacrificial Anodes Vessel Internals/structures Electrolyte resistivity INTRODUCTION Kuwait Oil Company mainly executes exploration, drilling...

... Navy Marine Protective Coatings Assessment Methods Failure Analysis Standardization Rusting Blistering Sacrificial Anodes INTRODUCTION Maintenance organizations and owners of infrastructure must address sustainability of their property. Bridges, ships, and structures contain metals...

... the influence of ship construction parameters such as land of construction, coating type and the presence of sacrificial anodes on the corrosion process in the ballast tanks. Possible alternatives for vessels constructed with ordinary grade A steel and coated according to IMO PSPC standards are presented, even...

... oxygen, sulfate, sulfate-reducing bacteria, diversity of flora and fauna, Lake Maracaibo has become one of the most corrosive natural estuaries in the world ¹ . Abstract The main objective of this paper is to present the behavior of different sacrificial anodes of Mg, Zn and Al-Zn-In in Lake...

... concentrations. Abstract Ports infrastructures are generally protected by cathodic protection using aluminium sacrificial anodes. Anodes are then dissolved in seawater and Al can accumulate in sediments. This study was led in the framework of the European EFFORTS project. Investigations were realized...

...Abstract Aluminum sacrificial anodes are widely used in cathodic protection of steel structures in sea water. In the present work samples of Al-5Zn-Mg alloys were microstructurally and electrochemically characterized to evaluate their performance as Al-sacrificial anodes for cathodic protection...

... protection and design considerations. corrosion steel pilings sacrificial anodes protective coatings INTRODUCTION Steel pipes and H-piling have been used most often for foundations in coastal areas. The designers can choose from among many types of coatings to protect these structures. Cathodic...

... discussed. cathodic protection (CP) CP monitoring procedures pipe coating ductile iron pipe (DIP) isolating fittings light rail sacrificial anodes stray current waterlines INTRODUCTION During the latter part of the twentieth century, an increasing number of cities and municipalities across...

.... The internal surface of these tanks consists of a lot Of stiffeners, which make these surfaces difficult to paint. Still most of internal tank surfaces are coated to act as corrosion protection alone or to reduce the sacrificial anode weight. External surfaces of floating structures are plain sides without...

... protected by means of a cathodic protection system with aluminum sacrificial anodes. Currently, the cathodic protection potentials have started to decrease or are below the minimum acceptable value, as the system useful life is in its final stage. This system minimizes the steel deterioration by means...

.... This impacts on the remaining service life of a concrete structure. cathodic protection concrete corrosion criteria chloride extraction realkalisation sacrificial anodes INTRODUCTION Much of the world’s infrastructure is built using reinforced concrete. Chloride induced corrosion is by far its most...

... observed in both galvanic and impressed current electrochemical protection systems applied to reinforced concrete. Cathodic Protection Concrete Corrosion Criteria Chloride Extraction Realkalisation Sacrificial Anodes INTRODUCTION Various forms of electrochemical treatment are used to arrest...

... to 0.001% wt, the dissolution mechanism is not the expected for a good Al-sacrificial anode. It was found that the polarization resistance, R_p, values were upper-estimated when the traditional two-electrode setup is used. Electrochemical noise measurements gave the highest values...

... to be used to control current output and extend anode life rather than looking at these two factors as design difficulties that must be worked around. Anode design cathodic protection sacrificial anodes anode pipeline anode retrofit Two approaches to the anode pipeline approach are illustrated in Figure...

... to fee δ′ phase. This research has as its main objective, fee substitution of Al-Zn-In and Al-Zn-In-Hg alloys used as aluminum sacrificial anodes for alloys of the Al-IIB-IIA-IA type in order to avoid pollution of the sea life by elements such as Hg and In, without at fee same time decreasing fee current...

... for predicting mean current densities. New ways of predicting long-term current densities based on accelerated laboratory tests are discussed. Cathodic protection sacrificial anodes deepwaters warm waters short-term laboratory techniques mean current densities INTRODUCTION This paper is intended to discuss...