... of the supersaturated solutions (CaCl₂ 0.225M, 20 mL; Na₂SO₄ 0.225M, 20 mL) containing varying amounts of polymer and impurities was 100 mL. The progress of gypsum precipitation in the absence and presence of inhibitors was followed by analyzing aliquots of the filtered (0.22 μm filter...

...Recently, the use of bio-, hybrid, and synthetic polymers in industrial water systems as scale control agents and dispersants has increased significantly because of their superior thermal stability and excellent overall performance in controlling various mineral scales and dispersing particulate...

...Polymeric Inhibitors Abstract The use of polymer based chemical inhibitors has the advantage of utilizing chemical, macromolecular, and compositional (blends or block copolymers) towards chemical inhibitors whether it is for corrosion or scaling issues. It is important to understand the multi...

..., hardness, and copper deposits by using specific polymers, fed to the feedwater, maintains clean heat transfer surfaces and generates passive films within an industrial boiler. This paper will focus on mechanisms that justify this application. Coordinated Phosphate Corrosion Complexation Dispersion...

... through a waterside corrosion mechanism. Polyelectrolytes function in 1 and 3 by an adsorption mechanism which alters crystal habit and moderates scale formation. In three, however, it is probable that at least one polymer may also function by absorption as well. In the case of a sludge conditioning...

... conditions results in significant maintenance and infrastructure replacement costs. Innovation in materials technologies and improved selection practices are seen as a potential way to prolong equipment life and lower these high maintenance costs. In many cases, polymers or composites are suitable...

... of the molecular weight distribution on their inhibition efficiency (IE) performance for the precipitated polymer and their remaining supernatant solutions and these results have been compared with the “stock” polymer. Abstract Polymeric scale inhibitors (SI) used for downhole oilfield squeeze treatments must...

... blends that are pumped and stored at pump stations and terminal facilities. ethanol stress corrosion cracking (SCC) polymers elastomers exposure testing slow strain rate testing (SSR) ferrous nonferrous INTRODUCTION Ethanol has been used for the last several years as an environmentally friendly...

... are seen as a potential way to prolong equipment life and lower these high maintenance costs. In many cases, polymers or composites are suitable alternatives to current materials used in the oil sands. There is a disconnect, however, between the oil sands operators and suppliers of polymer products...

... the following steps: Abstract A Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) work process has been developed for above-ground, fiberglass reinforced polymer (FRP) storage tanks containing one of five designated chemicals. The process complies with American Petroleum Institute’s Recommended Practice 580 – Risk-Based...

... are described and advantages and disadvantages presented. thermoplastic liners sour gas lined pipelines corrosive gas pipeline integrity polymeric liners polymers INTRODUCTION Thermoplastic lined pipelines have been used in high pressure sour gas service since the early 1990's. Since 2000, in the Shell...

...calcium phosphate cooling water polymers scale metal ions INTRODUCTION Historically, water is one of the most common heat transfer fluids used in industrial processes. The unique combination of high thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and large useable temperature range make water ideally...

... These formulations were made like those above except they were based on octenyl-succinic anhydride (OSA) and Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride (DDSA). Formula anhydride wt.% polymer wt.% OSA1 OSA 8 low M PAA 9.6 OSA2 OSA 8 AA/AMPS 9.6 DDSA1 DDSA 8 low M PAA 9.6 DDSA2 DDSA 8...

...The types of specialised copolymers are based on maleic anhydride or acrylic acid to form the backbone of the polymer, The backbone is modified with a variety of monomers (e.g. acrylamide, methacrylic acid, vinyl acetate, isobutylene, polyether alcohols, etc.). ^{13 - 17} The commonest...

...scale inhibitors squeeze treatment oil production polymers barium sulfate adsorption biodegradability INTRODUCTION Water flooding is the most commonly used technique to maintain oil production on offshore platforms. In this process, sea water is injected under pressure into the reservoir via...

... GENERAL CATEGORY SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY NUMBER OF PROJECTS THERMAL STEAM 105 COMBUSTION INSITU 8 HOT WATER 2 CHEMICAL POLYMER 11 CAUSTIC/ALKALINE 1 GAS HYDROCARBON MISCIBLE/IMMISCIBL E 14 CO2 MISCIBLE 60 CO2 IMMISCIBLE 1 NITROGEN 9...

... and they are easy to install. For these reasons, their use increased in major projects in Venezuelan Petrochemical Industry between 1988 and 1992. This paper summarizes three experiences with some polymers used at our Chlorine-Alkali Plant: 1) Caustic stress cracking of PVDF anolyte piping and PVDF disc valve...

...Corrosion in the boiler is often related to excess chemicals along with a concentrating mechanism. The acrylate/acrylamide polymer “chelates” soluble cations and disperses iron oxides and other suspended solids. It forms a soluble complex with feed water hardness and ferrous ions ⁵...

... examination of the slurry in the FGD absorption loop, it was observed that the solids would not settle when poured into a tall glass cylinder. The slurry from the absorber had the appearance of "whipped cream." Prior experience had indicated that a scale inhibitor polyphosphonate or related polymer could...

... or industrial water systems. Explosive expansion in polymer development for widespread applications in aqueous systems will be reviewed including dispersants and synergists to modify crystal growth and minimize fouling by scaling ions and corrosion products in water-using systems. Chelation and chelating...