..., and SEM to find failure mechanisms and to study the reaction between gasifier slags and refractories. An improved Cr₂O₃ refractory was developed through phosphate additions which performed successfully in gasifier field tests. The effect of phosphates has been characterized using SEM...

... blade erosion, etc. In particular, iron oxide by FAC precipitates on the surface of the inside of the boiler water tube, whereas the precipitation of the iron oxide is prolonged by phosphate. ² But, the mechanism is not clear. So, in this paper, the authors wish to express the influence...

...The time dependency of DO, pH and ORP in Figure 2 show the reaction time is longer in the case of phosphate addition. The nature of evolution of potential-pH curve with time for the GRI(Cl^-) added with Na₂HPO₄ ( Fig.2b ) is markedly different than that of added...

... of cooling operations over time without disrupting production, experiencing catastrophic loss, or compromising safety, and with the greenest footprint possible. (1) Delta Orthophosphate = Total Orthophosphate Soluble Orthophosphate Routine monitoring of the delta phosphate, along with other...

...Voltammetric Behaviour in Nitrite and Phosphate Solutions Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of carbon steel in the various solutions. This technique allows the various oxidation and reduction processes to be studied in a single experiment by scanning...

... case histories have had such different experiences even though the power plants and reclaimed water production facilities are very much alike. reclaimed water power plant tertiary treatment ammonia phosphate title 22 Reclaimed water, often called recycled water by its producers, is municipal...

...Development efforts have lead to an improved stress tolerant polymer (STP) that has demonstrated superior performance over commercially available calcium phosphate dispersants. LABORATORY SCREENING & POLYMER DEVELOPMENT The advanced scale control chemistry, referred as stress tolerant polymer...

... supplier recommended polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) anchored thermoplastic liner. The recommended maximum operating temperature for this liner is 250°F, and it is resistant to the process vapor chemistry. Phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizer producers are pushing their plants to operate for longer...

...Phosphate Technology Environmental stewardship – although low phosphate program contribute one half to one third of phosphate as do older phosphate programs, this can be typically reduced by another 25 – 50% by using organic treatments. Water chemistry – in large areas of the U.S.A and Canada...

..., so that less material is discharged to the neighboring environment. Laboratory data for a novel phosphate inhibitor was previously disclosed, which addressed all of the above requirements. This paper will highlight three pertinent field studies which validate the superiority of this new calcium...

...While high and low phosphate cooling water treatments may seem similar in terms of the general chemistry that is used, there are several significant differences, and the primary ones are: high phosphate programs are meant to function without the presence of any carbonate alkalinity. In other...

...tracer tag mass balance verified feed molybdate phosphate phosphonate polymer In discussing monitoring and the trends that have taken place over the past two decades, the obvious question is “what are the objectives that need to be satisfied?” Cooling water technology supplied by the major...

... as EAA at the 5 ppm dosage. Dispersion Screening LABORATORY SCREENING & POLYMER DEVELOPMENT Two screening protocols were utilized for the screening of the EAA chemistry. Both have been utilized previously and discussed in prior papers. One was a calcium phosphate beaker test ¹¹...

... technologies and highlights their advantages and disadvantages. azole closed system glycol molybdate nitrite phosphate phosphonate INTRODUCTION The dramatic rise in the number of electronic devices in the office place and the heat they put into the environment, coupled with demands for a comfortable...

... to date but also the potential users that involve a variety of industries. Specific case histories will be reviewed relative to water quality, users concerns, cost estimates, and expected equipment protection. Recycled Water San Antonio Cooling Towers Edwards Aquifer Phosphate Ammonia Scaling...

... been used to help determine the efficacy of a new localized corrosion inhibitor. The inhibitor is a low phosphate-containing organic phosphonate. The inhibitor is particularly effective in replacing zinc or aiding inorganic phosphate programs in providing total corrosion protection for low carbon steel...

... of operational and chemical parameters that must be addressed. These include; a clear understanding of the systems operating conditions and parameters, the quality of the reclaimed water, and an effective treatment program to control potentially high levels of phosphates, ammonia, chlorides, solids and other...

... Phosphate as PO₄ mg/L <0.2 4-10 Organics as BOD mg/L 0.0 5-10 TSS mg/L < 10 10-20 The quality of reclaimed water can vary significantly from that of typical cooling tower make-up. Certain constituents contained in the reclaimed water present challenges...

... the drivers behind lowering phosphorous are largely environmental, there are benefits in optimising cooling water programs so as to minimise phosphorus discharge. Several different chemistries will be discussed along with their potential limitations. pitting inhibitors molybdate phosphate phosphonate...

... Sodium 222 Chloride 216 Potassium 15 Sulfate 326 Iron 0.2 Silica as SiO₂ 8 Aluminum 0.12 Orthophosphate 0.6 Copper 0.2 Total Phosphate 1 Conductivity 1630 μS/cm Nitrite 31 TDS 1050 Nitrate 3 pH 7.44 Calcium 80 Total hardness as CaCO₃...