..., and a mixture of FeCO₃ and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) when the partial pressure was 6.5 bar and below. However, a complex mixture of Ca, Mg and Fe-containing deposits was detected on the surface in the complex brine solution, with Fe₃O₄ only being detected...

... environments are still largely unknown although they directly relate to pressing operating issues in the oil and gas industry. Previous studies have shown that, from 80°C to 200°C in an H₂S only environment, magnetite forms as an inner layer while iron sulfides are found in the outer layer. Although...

.... The resistance of the oxide layers to the acid challenge is consistent with previously reported formation of nano-particulate magnetite (Fe₃O₄). Naphthenic acids solid phase extraction magnetite NAP extraction sulfidation INTRODUCTION Crude oil price fluctuations and the need to improve refinery margins...

... the formation of corrosion product layers. High temperature CO₂ corrosion corrosion inhibition imidazoline-type inhibitor magnetite Introduction and Objectives Table 1 Chemical composition of API 5L X65 C Mn Si S P V Mo Ni Fe 0.13% 1.16% 0.26% 0.009% 0.009% 0.047% 0.16...

... continuous monitoring technique available for corrosion monitoring in feedwater and boiler systems. Hydrogen Hydrogen Analysis Corrosion Magnetite Passivation Boiler Steam Condensate Monitoring FAC (Flow Assisted Corrosion) UDC (Under Deposit Corrosion) INTRODUCTION Hydrogen analysis has been...

...From this study, attention was drawn on one particular form of amorphous deposit of type 1 A (corrosion products and micro-organisms) which has been regularly reported in seawater injection systems. The material is composed of biomass and the crystallized form of iron oxide - magnetite. Functional...

... a depth of 0.5 to maximum 1.5 mm. The surfaces were covered with a very thin scale of less than 1 mm thickness, and scale analyses showed that the thin deposits consisted primarily of sodium chloride and sodium bromide as well as magnetite. The HDA-06 well had been in production for 12 years...

... and pitting CRs at the higher temperatures with the CR increasing as the temperature was lowered. A corrosion product analysis supported that a passivation film of pyrrhotite and magnetite had formed at temperatures above 90°C. Also, the more tenacious siderite is formed at temperatures higher than 90°C...

...) in order to measure the element currents between the steel and the magnetite crystal electrodes (all 4 electrodes together (100% surface area) or - to reduce the cathode surface area - each electrode alone or in combination with each other). Oxygen Effect on Galvanic Element Steel - Magnetite in Bulk...

... water containing mineral, as well as islands of e.g. magnetite and iron sulfide acting as cathodes in the deposit. The anode pits are kept active by an acidic, chloride rich media. Halfdan field Danish Sector of the North Sea under deposit corrosion green rust magnetite iron sulfide sulfate...

... vol-%), and the formation of the mineral magnetite (Fe₃O₄) in the solid phase (collected in filters of the geothermal plant). Additionally (process 2), native copper (Cu) has been found in a sample collected at the bottom of the borehole in 4200 m depth. Presumably Cu forms...

... of preventive and curative chlorination, as well as the use of acid cleanings, was also investigated. Finally, the corrosion layer of a specimen immersed for more than one year in ambient natural seawater was characterized using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Carbon steel localized corrosion seawater magnetite...

...Table I Bath composition used for preparation of different magnetite coated low carbon steel samples. Sample type Na(OH) (g) NaNO₂ (g) NaNO₃ (g) AI(N0₃)₃9H₂0 (g) Cr(N0₃)₃9H₂0 (g) magnetite 200...

... provides evaluation tools for feedwater, boiler and steam cycle determinations. hydrogen corrosion magnetite passivation boiler steam condensate monitoring INTRODUCTION Hydrogen monitoring in saturated steam has been developed as a technique to identify operating conditions contributing...

... cleaning during the pre-clean water lancing compaign, were magnetite (Fe₃O₄), metallic copper (Cu), hematite (Fe₂O₃) and cuprous oxide (Cu₂O). The major difference between the chemical composition of the powder and the flake was the presence of zinc...

... makeup. The superheater bank of this boiler had recently been replaced due to age. Carryover from the steam drum had been a recurring problem in this unit. However, no past instances of failure in the superheater bank were attributed to carryover. superheater tube carryover deposition magnetite...

... formed after different treatments. While only octahedral magnetite particles were formed on the AVT preoxidized specimen, hematite particles were detected for OT and HipH/DO specimens. Hematite film grew through OT exposure on the magnetite films formed in AVT. On the other hand, the film surface...

..., then it will definitely not be detected by this ultrasonic technique. Most of the deposits seen in this study were adherent magnetite/copper deposits. There were also cases where calcium phosphate type deposits were adherent and thus detected. The technique should preferably be used on tubes with a wall thickness...

... as the absence of corrosion, with no reference to the nature of the metal surface. If passivation is defined as the conversion of an iron oxide to magnetite, then a reduction reaction must have occurred. If passivation is defined as the creation of a tight adherent oxide film from the base iron substrate...

.... Several solutions to prevent sludge consolidation are suggested. consolidation mechanism steam generator sludge sludge porosity willemite magnetite copper silica INTRODUCTION Some CANDU ⁽¹⁾ nuclear generating stations have considerable amounts of hard sludge deposits in the steam...