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Keywords: iron carbonate film
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Proceedings Papers

... above the saturation point and when the scaling tendency is between 0.3 and 3.0. localized CO2 corrosion carbon steel wet gas stratified flow annular flow super saturation scaling tendency iron carbonate film surface analysis INTRODUCTION In the natural gas production industry, mild...
Proceedings Papers

... techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the iron carbonate film forming process is flow dependent and different for scales formed on the top and on the bottom of the pipe, resulting in different crystal sizes. Cross-sectional analysis...