... it to be evaluated as part of an ongoing maintenance schedule, rather than be only limited to a typical factory-applied pre-installation deployment. Power Generation Coatings Seawater Fouling INTRODUCTION Utilization of seawater as a heat transfer medium for power plant operations is widespread, owing...

...Marine Cathodic protection Steel Fouling Current shielding INTRODUCTION Civil infrastructure immersed in natural waters is subject to physical, chemical and biological interactions with the environment that can result in material degradation. Among the naturally-occurring phenomena, corrosion...

.... Abstract Self-polishing coatings (SPC) are widely being used in marine structures to protect metals from fouling. After restrictions on using toxic metals, coating industry are seeking environmentally-friendly SPC coatings that maintain their performance over extended periods. Unfortunately, most...

.... The resultant deposition of these materials onto the tube surface can be as benign as a nuisance to a major problem involving both production output/delays and operational safety. A potential solution to this problem is to apply a coating with “nonstick” properties to prevent scaling and organic fouling where...

... the attachment of fouling. Biodegradation of PU can accelerate the erodible properties which ultimately improve the antifouling properties. In this study, a series of biodegradable PU coatings was formulated by tuning biodegradable polyol. The antifouling performance was evaluated after certain intervals...

... * Corresponding author. Tel.: +966-13-8607580. Fax: +966-13-8603996 E-mail: [email protected] (Rami Suleiman). Abstract The corrosion and fouling of steel surfaces are major problems affecting the infrastructure of most industries, especially the oil and gas industries. The application...

...While the elemental sulfur deposits do require periodic cleaning of the heat exchanger bundles, the black tar-like fouling increased the down-time frequencies. It was also very tenacious, requiring longer time and extra effort to clean in addition to asset integrity concerns. CHNS combustion...

... and fouling of steel infrastructure in most industries, especially oil and gas. ^{1 - 3} The use of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is still the most effective state-of-the-art technology for protecting a range of metal substrates. However, the effect on human health and environmental concerns of using...

...INTRODUCTION Fouling of heat exchangers is a pervasive problem affecting multiple industries. The unwanted deposition of corrosion products, inorganic salts, and assorted organic foulants onto metallic heat transfer surfaces can significantly reduce energy efficiency and process reliability...

... a number of analytical methods and testing methods that can be used to augment circulation fluids under high pressure and temperatures. coatings chemical inhibitors polymers corrosion scaling fouling INTRODUCTION Metals in their elemental state or as pure metals (reduced) are eventually oxidized...

... significant quantities of tight oil; these deposits result from polymerization of dithiazines (a reaction byproduct of MEA triazine) in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Such fouling has been reported in upstream applications. This paper highlights the effects of such fouling occurring in downstream refining...

...INTRODUCTION Operational problems Very severe foaming in a contactor and fouling were experienced in sweetening units using 65wt% DGA solutions to remove CO₂ from sweet (CO₂; 6.5%, H₂S; 3 ppm) natural gas streams. The foaming tendency rose with the increase...

...) Inlet - 28.8° C (84° F), Exit - 61.1° C (142° F) Table 2 Material of Construction of OVHD Condensers Components Material of Construction Shell Carbon Steel (CS) Tubes Carbon Steel (CS) As shown in fig. 2 , OVHD exchangers are equipped with wash water connection to remove fouling...

... that surface deposition leading to fouling could be enhanced with interfacial corrosion processes occurring at a less corrosion resistant carbon steel/solution interface. Previous results ⁶ on surfaces of 316 and 304 stainless steels provided evidence that more corrosion resistant alloys compared...

...Table 2 Typical Design Fouling Allowances Heat Exchanger Service Fouling Factor x10^-5 hr ft^{2 0}F /Btu Utility Surface Condenser 35 HVAC Refrigeration Condenser 50 Industrial Cooling 100 - 150 Once Through Cooling 100 - 450 Recycle Waste Water...

... velocity high temperature sulphidation fouling thinning bulging impingement INTRODUCTION Atmospheric Residue Desulfurization (ARDS) is a well established hydro treating process, operated primarily to desulfurize atmospheric residues from Crude units and to prepare feed stocks for downstream...

...-deposit corrosion and fouling usually resulting from unintended consequences of acid neutralization and / or inefficient desalter operations. Acidic Attack in the CDUOverhead The presence of acid in the crude overhead system may result in particularly severe attack as the acids easily dissolve...

... Temperature Sulfidation Vapor Phase Corrosion Fouling HIC HTHA Sulfuric Acid Mixing Point INTRODUCTION Inspection history is very important in inspection and maintenance work. Prediction of future damages and consequently optimizing inspection and maintenance works are possible through careful review...

...Solution conductivities can approach 10⁻⁵ S/m when water content approaches 200 ppm thus leading to corrosion under appropriate acidic conditions. Abstract Although petrochemical process streams are primarily composed of hydrocarbons, corrosion and fouling is observed in various...

... difficult desalter operations is the use of acidification aids. This paper will cover the key drivers for desalter acidification, the benefits from this approach and the downstream effects (e.g., corrosion, fouling) from the application of this type of technology. Also discussed will be the different type...