... experience wide variability in water quality. As a result, the deposition stress seen in the cooling system heat exchangers can vary widely. This paper outlines a novel patented technology that is used to monitor deposition stress in cooling systems. The technology is able to operate at multiple temperatures...

..., techniques, and containers are employed along with a modulated electric field control system, which is used to deposit micron-thick coatings in nanometer thick sub-layers of alternating zinc-alloys through the coating thickness. Fasteners referenced in this paper were coated to a minimum target thickness...

...Similarly as the scales, the shell side surface also demonstrated a whitish deposit on the top and rusty scale underneath. Under SEM micrographs ( Figure 6 ), the whitish deposit was black and cracked, contrasted to the light colored rust in the corrosion pits. The big depressed region in Figure...

... are, in general, less hazardous to handle, and more easily disposed of than the mineral acids. The most common organic acids are formic, hydroxyacetic, acetic and citric. In order to increase the efficiency of acid cleaning at the surface of fouling deposits in process equipment, specialized surfactants which...

... simulated medium speed diesel engine exhaust system environments was experimentally clarified. The selected materials were exposed at 650 and 750°C under moist synthetic air with Na₂CO₃-V₂O₅-CaSO₄ deposit up to 1000 h. The specimens were analyzed...

... by the severe corrosion damage of cupro-nickel tubes in the evaporator by shell side steam. Package boiler convection side wall tube evaporator cupro-nickel deposit chlorides copper pits density tubercle line scan INTRODUCTION After about 22 years of service, several leaks were observed in wall...

...Abstract The input rate for deposits in steam generators (SGs) is an important concern for utilities, since deposit buildup can impact heat transfer as well as cause significant damage to tubes and other critical SG components. For a typical plant, every 1 ppb of iron in feedwater results in one...

... thickness and length of 6858 mm (270-inches). Leaks occurred due to localized external surface metal loss, which penetrated at the interface of the hot end of an internal ferrule, about 9 cm (3.5-inches) away from the boiler feed water (BFW) inlet. The presence of deposits was also observed on the external...

...-operation scale deposit corrosion INTRODUCTION The internal surfaces of a steam boiler may be chemically cleaned to remove contaminants which effect the efficiency of heat transfer and may ultimately result in failure of the plant. Contaminants may be present inside the boiler as a result...

... °F (649 °C) tensile and stress-rupture testing. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The outer surface of all tubes was of brownish-yellowish appearance with deposits built-up to varying degrees on the fire-side. Measurements of the sound cladding thickness along the circumference of the various tube samples...

...). Under those conditions, typical scale inhibitors such as hydrodroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polymaleic acid (PMA), copolymer of maleic acid (CPMA) are not able to control deposition on the heated and non-heated...

... processing plant. Deposits precipitated in the DGA units were sampled during annual inspections and analyzed for metallic ions and their compounds. It was found that Fe and Cr were rich in the deposits along the lean DGA lines and Ni was rich along the rich DGA lines. Fe and Cr precipitated as oxides and Ni...

... materials, operating conditions, and secondary side chemistry, may have contributed to the absence of extensive corrosion. One of these factors, explored in the present study, is the accumulation of deposits and hard sludge around the tubes. The build-up of hard sludge appears to have been caused, at least...

...DISCUSSION There are many category classifications that could have been used, to group the tube results. Almost every tube is unique in its ultrasonic response. For example one boiler tube with a light deposit loading might give an R1 number of 16 and another boiler tube (from a different boiler...

...Abstract Problems created by internal deposition in water and steam carrying components of boilers are discussed. Methods of controlling deposition and their related problems are also described. Several case histories are presented which illustrate common, as well as unusual problems created...

...Three kinds of deposits shown in Table 1 were subjected to the deposit coating tests for evaluating the corrosiveness to G1015 carbon steel. The test results (at 873K or 600°C, for 50hr) are summarized in Fig.1 . As shown in this figure, there are noteworthy differences in the corrosiveness...