... was observed. The conventional explanation of low corrosion rates in confined environments is a super saturation by iron ions (Fe²⁺) of the electrolyte resulting in higher pH and a stronger tendency to form protective carbonate scale on the specimens. This thesis seems to be confirmed...

..., the typical V/S ratio between the volume of electrolyte and the exposed steel surface is in the order of 0.03 mL.cm⁻². In such confined environments, corrosion measurements clearly show that the results classically obtained in bulk conditions (infinite electrolyte volume) do not remain valid. Thus...

.... The predicted annulus environment is used for a fit for purpose qualification of armouring steel wires in sour environments in accordance with NACE MR0175/ISO15156 for both static and dynamic applications. unbonded flexible pipe annulus environment permeation model confined environment pH model...

... and the proposed validated modelisation of the annulus environment versus the flexible structure and the bore composition. Specific aspects of corrosion and electrochemistry in confined environments are presented. The mechanical, metallurgical and corrosion behaviour of the high strength metallic components...