... structures. cathodic protection steel corrosion cracked concrete chlorides INTRODUCTION The chloride-induced corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures, especially in marine environments, can seriously limit service life. It is common today to design bridges to achieve a minimum 75- year...

...stainless steel chlorides stress corrosion cracking pH chloride content temperature oxygen stress relief INTRODUCTION Chloride promoted stress corrosion cracking (ClSCC) is a damage mechanism that can occur in a chloride containing aqueous environment. Damage can occur during in-service...

... the origin and extent of the problem. The cracking was initiated from the inside and propagated in a short period of time. The failure investigation identified the stress corrosion cracking by chlorides to be the mechanism involved, due to an inappropriate product used during the unplugging of the circuit...

... mesh anodes electrochemical cathode electrolyte passive film chlorides potential substructure bent caps precast concrete cast-in-place INTRODUCTION Most metals are found in nature as ores or oxides. Only gold, silver and sometimes copper remain elementally stable when extracted from...

...Abstract Reinforcement steel in concrete corrodes severely in marine service when chloride ion concentration exceeds a critical threshold level (C_T). Cathodic prevention (CPrev) has been proposed as a supplemental corrosion management approach to extend service life of structures under...

... systems, it generally requires the structure to be exposed to wet conditions frequently containing significant amounts of chlorides. For RC structures that are predominantly in drier locations but are still in need of CP, then impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems are often preferred...

... FGD (wet flue gas desulfurization) duplex stainless steel super-austenitic stainless steel nickel alloy pitting chlorides air pollution control crevice corrosion UNS S31277 UNS N08926 UNS N10276 UNS S31603 UNS S31803 UNS S32750 halides sulfuric acid wallpaper cladding repair GTAW...

... for sour service,¹ this alloy exhibits very comparable resistance to UNS R56404 in acidic, sour and non-sour chloride-rich aqueous environments commonly associated with upstream and offshore hydrocarbon production. This paper presents an expanded laboratory test database on critical corrosion...

...Hydrolyzed chlorides, both inorganic and organic, are the source of chloride related corrosion problems in crude and vacuum unit overhead systems. Non-hydrolyzed inorganic chlorides can lead to fouling issues in heat exchangers and furnace tubes downstream of the desalter, but they often do...

...INTRODUCTION Oil sands operations may give rise to various corrosion risks such as pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion and abrasion-corrosion ¹ . These risks are mainly related to the chemical composition of the slurry (containing chlorides...

...Abstract Exposure testing of concrete block or slab specimens by cyclic chloride ponding has been widely utilized for ranking or qualifying different reinforcement types and concrete mix designs and for projecting service performance. However, experimental issues such as inadequate bar end...

... of the medium will influence the corrosion rate. For example, concentrations of chlorides up to about 10,000 ppm are generally considered to be safe for the FeNiCrMo austenitic stainless steels used in wet limestone flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. However, at higher concentrations, super-austenitic...

... service corrodes actively when chloride ion concentration exceeds a critical threshold level, C_T, causing passive film breakdown. There is interest in alternative or supplemental corrosion management approaches to extend structural life. One such approach is Cathodic Prevention (CPrev), based...

... this time dependence for D. Implications of the results with regard to the evolution of corrosion initiation are discussed. Reinforced concrete corrosion initiation chlorides diffusion coefficient time dependence INTRODUCTION Reinforcing steel in concrete is normally passive and corrosion rate...

... corrosion is discussed, as are scenarios and implications thereof for chlorides and CN being solely in the cement phase as opposed to being uniformly distributed throughout the concrete. Concrete reinforcing steel corrosion initiation chlorides corrosion inhibitor calcium nitrite INTRODUCTION Steel...

...Abstract A previous paper (Part I) introduced a first-principles based equation whereby the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of chloride concentration ([Cl^-]) at the reinforcement depth (x) after a given time is determined considering that all relevant variables (effective...

.... At an operating temperature of 650°C to 750°C steam oxidation is the primary corrosion concern. However at much lower shut down temperatures steam will condense and settle into the bottom of the boiler tube bends. In this situation, chloride or hydroxide contaminates could possibly lead to chloride or caustic...

... indicator (phenolphthalein), as previously explained ⁷ . Chloride profiles were also determined in those slices, for the samples exposed to marine environments. Figure 1 shows a typical test station in one of the urban test sites. Characterization of the Exposure Environments RESULTS Physical...

...Dry-cast Reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) is one of the most frequently used drainage pipes ¹ . Its durability and service life prediction in aggressive environments is a great concern. Exposure to chlorides from marine environments can result in the premature corrosion of reinforcing...

... remediation program is also discussed. Reinforcement corrosion alkali-silica reaction chlorides carbonation repair shotcrete INTRODUCTION Two large reinforced concrete sugar storage sheds are located in Cairns, Australia. The sheds are used to store bulk sugar prior to shipment and are 260 m long and 48...