...(3) CaCl 2 + 2 H 2 O = Ca ( OH ) 2 + 2 HCl Once formed, HCl can undergo additional reactions with ammonia and amines to form ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) and amine hydrochloride salts. (4) Fe 2 + + 2 Cl = FeCl 2 Abstract Repair and outage...

... in the water phase. Using ammonia as a base will thus give dissolved ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), MEA will give MEA hydrochloride, etc. The water solubility of these salts is high but since the amount of water is limited the water phase may still become saturated with salt leading to salt deposits...

...Abstract UNS S30400 austenitic stainless steel was coated by pack aluminizing at 650, 750 and 850°C under an inert atmosphere. Six different activators were used in this study: sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, aluminum chloride, sodium fluoride, aluminum fluoride and sodium hexafluoroaluminate...

... Chloride (HCl) and Ammonium Chloride (NH₄Cl). The remaining portion of the weld exhibited characteristics of brittle failure. The failure is attributed to a combination of ductile fracture at the weld root and brittle fracture in the remaining portion of the weld caused by the very high pressure...

..., and highly concentrated NH₄Cl solution can be generated on the surface. This is referred to as the “boil-dry” condition ⁵ . Abstract The corrosion behavior and the hygroscopic properties of solid ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) salt are investigated. This study was conducted...

... and sulfur species, leading to substantial corrosion issues related to the species that manifest in crude overhead operations. These corrosion issues include: (a) under deposit corrosion due to sublimating species such as ammonium chloride, (b) aqueous corrosion due to hydrochloric acid (HCl) or acidic...

...The following chemical equilibria exist amongst these species: Abstract Corrosion by wet ammonium chloride salt is a significant concern in many refining process units. Because corrosion rates typically experienced can be extremely high when all of the conducive conditions are met, every attempt...

... a continuous water wash upstream of the reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) to mitigate corrosion and fouling from ammonium chloride and/or bisulfide salts. In an informal survey of low severity hydroprocessing units, the water washing practices were inconsistent and the trends showed no relationship...

... unit, the chloride corrosion is usually caused by deposition of ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) especially at the reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) and associated piping. In our new gas oil deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) unit also, serious corrosion under NH₄Cl deposit...

... fouling and corrosion control. A detailed case history is presented highlighting application of these techniques. Elimination of lost production and increased condenser life has resulted in reduced operating costs. crude distillation unit filming inhibitor amine neutralizer ammonium chloride amine...

... of these variations on a design’s propensity to result in NH₄Cl underdeposit corrosion. Water partial pressure determines the dew point of the stream. However, in the presence of ammonium chloride (and bisulfide) salts, the dew point of water is elevated by as much as 50-70°F (28-40°C). An integrated...

... neutralization amines ammonia ammonium chloride amine hydrochloride process additives sour water INTRODUCTION Desalter Performance, Wash-water Quality and Quantity Crude Neutralization Quality Aspects Desalter wash water quality is of prime importance in mitigating the corrosion and fouling problems...

... modifications instituted to manage the corrosion severity. Hydroprocessing hydrocracking ammonium chloride ClSCC boil-dry conditions INTRODUCTION During normal unit operations, chlorides can be introduced into the reactor section of hydroprocessing units via either the feed or makeup hydrogen streams...

...hydrotreaters hydrodesulfurizers ammonium bisulfide ammonium chloride corrosion material selection HISTORY OF CORROSION PROBLEMS Ammonium bisulfide (NH₄HS) corrosion is a well-known problem in Hydrotreater and Hydrocracker reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) areas. There have been...

.... Hydroprocessing Hydrotreating Hydrocracking Ammonium Bisulfide Ammonium Chloride Wash Water Corrosion Reactor Effluent Air Cooler INTRODUCTION The deposition of ammonium bisulfide and ammonium chloride salts in hydrocracker and hydrotreater reactor effluent streams has been recognized as a problem since...

... chloride and amine hydrochloride salt deposition are discussed. Demonstrations of the use of the software and chemistry are given. overhead corrosion neutralizing amines first drop pH vapor-liquid equilibrium VLE vapor-liquid distribution ratio ammonium chloride neutralizing amine hydrochloride...

...The organic chloride compounds are easily decomposed to inorganic ones at high temperatures in the reactor. They are also transported to the separator and distillation columns, where they form ammonium chloride with nitrogen compounds at lower temperatures. Ammonium chloride, being insoluble...

... between all companies concerned with this problem is urged. "Ammonium Chloride Corrosion in Refinery Condensers and Exchangers -- Its Detection and Prevention" R.H. Carlton Universal Oil Products Des Plaines, Illinois NACE 18th Annual Conference, 1962 ²⁷ Carlton showed that ammonium...