... = Wenner resistance If b is small compared to a, the previous equation can be reduced as Equation 2 . ρ E = 2 · π · a · R W Measurement of moisture content and pipe to soil potential (PSP) The soil moisture sensor ( Figure 9: A ) uses capacitance principle to measure...

... of 600 and 800 psia (4 and 6 MPa) with a moisture content of 5 lb/MMscf (80 kg/Msm³) are 15 and 19°F (-9 and -7°C), respectively. The operating temperatures measured in 2010 were in the range of 30 to 84°F (-1 and 29°C) which were greater than the dew points where water saturation would occur...

... Limitation Moisture content EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Sand used for specimens covered with saturated sand Materials, specimen set-ups, experimental set-ups used to accelerate chloride transport and the environmental exposures used during the corrosion propagation stage are described below. Materials D-RCPs...

.../H₂S ratios. Iron sulphide is oxidized to elemental sulphur when O₂ is present. black powder internal corrosion sales gas moisture content INTRODUCTION Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) are the impurities present in the sales gas that are responsible...

... if the reported data is misinterpreted. black powder sales gas pipelines moisture content sensors lift-off MFL run accuracy INTRODUCTION Saudi Aramco’s sales gas system is suffering from black powder solids formation. These black powder solids are affecting the accuracy of ILI data in sales gas pipelines...

... Sales Gas moisture content prevention and removal methods INTRODUCTION Composition and Sources As used in the surveyed literature, “black powder” means various forms of iron sulfide, iron oxide and iron carbonate, mechanically mixed or chemically combined with any number of contaminants...

... installed systems are shown. The permanent systems are divided into systems installed during construction of new structures and post-mounted devices for installation in existing structures. Chloride Induced Corrosion Moisture Content Embedded Sensors Reinforced Concrete Monitoring INTRODUCTION Within...

...Chloride Induced Corrosion Thermal-Sprayed Zinc Moisture Content Embedded Sensors as well as cathodic protection systems with impressed current are relatively expensive. Another possibility for moderate aggressiveness of the chlorides is the drying out process of the infected concrete ¹...

... designs on electrical resistivity are presented in this paper. The effects of such variables as temperature, and moisture content are also discussed. Data taken from the literature is presented in tabular and graphical form. Over 50 references to the published literature are also included. where...

... adjacent metal rings with defined distance and known location in the concrete cover enable a monitoring of moisture distribution inside the concrete, which is well known to be the main parameter for corrosion assessment. Beside the moisture content, the resistance is influenced by the concrete composition...