Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), the utilization of the temperature differences between the warm, surface waters and the cold, deep waters to generate electricity, is receiving a great deal of attention at the present time. The OTEC concept requires the use of unusually large and unusually efficient heat exchangers due to the small temperature difference (about 20°C) available. The heat exchangers use the warm and cold seawater to vaporize and condense a working fluid, such as ammonia, to drive a turbine, in the closed-cycle design.

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