Coal is a "dirty" fuel--that is, coal is not a pure hydrocarbon but contains varying amounts of sulfur and a substantial fraction of non-combustible contaminants, commonly called ash. When coal is burned in a pulverized-coal-fired boiler furnace, the sulfur is oxidized to SO2 and SO3, and the ash is released into the furnace and becomes suspended in the mixture of reacting gases and combustion products. The presence of SO2, SO3, and ash in boiler furnaces creates an environment that is detrimental to the furnace tubes, and to convection tubes and air preheater surfaces downstream of the furnace.

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