In 1976, in a paper entitled, "Tubular Anodes for Cathodic Protection"1 , a new and unique anode design was unveiled by The Duriron Company, Inc., to the cathodic protection industry along with laboratory and field data on its performance to that time frame. As an adjunct to this field testing, meaningful results were also obtained from testing different types of copper cable insulation as well as types of support ropes (for open deep groundbeds). The body of knowledge on end effect phenomena observed, measured and photographed for over ten years in actual operating installations on solid cylindrical high silicon chromium iron (Durichlor 51R, U. S. Patent 3,129,095) anodes was supplemented with data on those of the high silicon chromium iron (ASTM A518 plus chromium) tubular design.

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