As early as 1960, discussions were held in Great Britain on the possibility of using platinized titanium anodes embedded in carbonaceous backfills as an anodic current source. Installations were made in 1961 and reported at cathodic protection symposiums in May, 1964 and again in May, 1975. The writer became aware of this work in the latter part of 1976 and accumulated information from British and American manufacturers.

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