Metal loss in recirculating cooling water systems is undesirable because of: (1) the cost of replacing equipment, (2) the possible curtailment of production to permit replacement, and (3) the possible impact on the environment. Heavy metals in plant effluent are severely regulated so it is necessary to minimize or completely avoid any accumulation of metal in the cooling water. Since cooling water is normally a strong electrolyte, saturated with oxygen, metal surfaces must be conditioned as promptly as possible.

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