Buried pipelines are usually protected against corrosion by the combined use of cathodic protection and an insulating coating. The protective current flows preferably to exposed metal areas, such as coating flaws or holidays, accomplishing better current distribution and reduced total current. A problem may arise, however, that it is difficult to estimate current densities at specific holiday areas. On the other hand, such an estimation is important since too high a current density may cause hydrogen cracking of high-strength steels or cathodic disbonding of coating materials.

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