Beginning about 1954–or perhaps a bit earlier–a number of attempts were being made to reduce the degree of subjectivity involved in the ultrasonic measurement of wall thicknesses in process equipment and in the marine industry. Wall thickness readings to an accuracy of ±0.010-in, ±0.020-in or thereabouts were obtainable by the ‘Multiple Back Echo” method, using pulse-echo equipment, but such techniques depended greatly on alertness of the operator and were not generally suitable for pipe sizes less than 2 1/2-in Schedule 80 or wall thicknesses less than about 1/4 or 3/8-in.

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