The rapid advances made in the technology of high voltage direct currents (HVDC) during recent years have become well known to engineers concerned with the use of direct current (DC) as a means of power transmission. Numerous conferences and symposia, as well as an impressive volume of literature, have been devoted to this subject in a relatively short span of time. Despite an effective interplay of various technologies, many areas of uncertainty still exist with respect to the design and operation of HVDC systems. Such uncertainties relate especially to effects upon the surroundings when high current concentrations are permitted to flow through the earth as a return path.

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