Practically all HVDC systems now operating or which have been designed throughout the entire world utilize two sea electrodes and most of them utilize the sea water as one side of the circuit in the so-called “monopolar mode”. In this case the current is carried on a single conductor between the two points related to the electrodes and the return is through the ocean.1-5 

Subject
Electric current, High voltage direct current, Water depth, Marine environments, Water, Conductors, Pipelines, Sediments, Cables, Electrochemical current, Electrical resistivity, Electrodes, Electrode potential
© 1968 Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of AMPP. Positions and opinions advanced in this work are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of AMPP. Responsibility for the content of the work lies solely with the author(s).
1968
Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP)
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