Hazardous waste incineration is becoming the most commonly used method of hazardous waste disposal. Technology advances in incinerator design and increased regulatory pressure for more thorough combustion have led to increased demand on refractory linings. Advances in refractory technology are matched to operating conditions in the cases of three different incincerators. Laboratory tests predict that the two most important physical characteristics of a refractory are chemical compatibility with the environment and resistance to penetration of corrosive elements. Emerging incinerator technologies are discussed in relation to the refractory technologies that will best suit them.

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