Carbon steel is commonly used for piping and heat exchangers in cooling water systems. Under the conditions of low flow velocities (less than 0.5 m/s (1.7 ft/s)), suspended solids with sticky microorganisms cause unexpected heavy corrosion, especially in alkaline cooling water.

The breakthrough has come with new technologies for film formable zinc control with new polymer and bio-fouling control. These treatments have excellent effects on corrosion and deposit prevention in alkaline cooling water under low flow velocity conditions.

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