...%, with varying NaCl concentrations in the range from 500 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L. Dissociation of sulfuric acid yields the hydrogen (H⁺) and sulfate ( ) ions, the former of which lowers the pH value of a solution while the latter increases the concentration of sulfate ions that act as a corrosion...

... characterized by high moisture content, high sulfate levels, low chloride levels, and no indication of carbonation. Earlier research described in Parts 1 and 2 of this series of papers had emphasis on the role of sulfate ions in corrosion. However, at the time of observed corrosion of the bridge tendons...

...K.K. Krishna Vigneshwaran; S. Permeh; M. Echeverría; K. Lau; I. Lasa Severe corrosion recently documented in Florida post-tensioned bridges were related to grout segregation that created deficient grout with characteristics of having low chloride content, high sulfate concentration, high pore water...

... elevated sulfate ion concentration, high pore water pH, low chloride ion content, and enhanced moisture content. Limited information is available on the corrosion behavior of PT strand in grout materials with elevated sulfate ion content. In this work, the corrosion performance of steel strands embedded...

...C.K. Nguyen; B.N. Clark; K.R. Stone; M.A. Edwards Effects of chloride, sulfate, and alkalinity on galvanic corrosion were investigated using beaker tests, lead wire electrochemical tests, and lead solder galvanic cells. At relatively high concentrations of lead and low pH values that might...

...G.O. Ilevbare The study of the electrochemical behavior of Alloy 22 (UNS N06022) was carried out in 4 M sodium chloride (NaCl) and 4 M NaCl with sulfate additions of 0.4 M and 0.04 M between 45°C and 105°C with multiple crevice assembly specimens. The passive and crevice corrosion properties...

...), increase with decreasing pH. Passive current densities are found to be higher in solutions of sulfate alone. Highly oxygenated solutions do not result in an increase in corrosion rate. However, the addition of H₂O₂ to the ammoniated solution results in the alloy’s direct activation...

... in-situ. In this study, the initiation and propagation of stress corrosion cracks in sensitized Type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel immersed in 10^-4 kmol/m³ sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) solution from 100°C to 250°C were investigated. It was found that stress...

...% sodium sulfate-20vanadium pentoxide; high sulfate) and 80 mol% V₂O₅-20Na₂SO₄ (high vanadate) at 700°C and 900°C. Applying electrochemical techniques, namely potentiodynamic polarization curves that led to the calculation of Tafel slopes and the electrochemical...

...S.-I. Pyun; K.-H. Na; W.-J. Lee; J.-J. Park Effects of sulfate ( SO 4 2 − ) and nitrate ( NO 3 − ) ion additives on pit growth of pure aluminum were investigated in 0.1 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution as a function of anion concentration using...

...T.M.J. Laitinen The localized corrosion behavior of austenitic stainless steels (SS) UNS S30403 and UNS S31603, and duplex SS UNS S31803 was compared in simulated paper machine environments containing chloride, sulfate, and thiosulfate at pH 3 and 65°C. Electrochemical testing of the materials...

... solutions (sulfuric acid [H₂SO₄], pH = 1.7, and sodium sulfate [Na₂SO₄] until total sulfate [SO₄^2–] concentration = 0.1 M). This technique permitted growth of oxide and/or salt films as well as adsorption of the organic inhibitors...

..., and tested in sulfate-, sulfite-, bisulfite-, and thiosulfate-containing solutions of various concentrations. There were no serious effects of sulfate and sulfite ions on pH measurements by IrOx/Ir electrodes. After exposure to solutions with bisulfite and thiosulfate ions, considerable changes...

...^–1 to 1,100 cm^–1 regions, respectively. Corrosion layers that incorporated water coordinated or in a lattice could be identified. Effects of anions such as chloride, carbonate, and sulfate on the spectra of metal hydroxide-metal aqua complexes were discussed. The technique was corroborated...

... sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) + 0.05 M sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) + 0.01 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) at pH 3.5 indicated SCC susceptibility for Al 7050-T651. The latter electrolyte did not promote SCC with the alloy in the heat treatments T7651 and T7351. Scatter...

...H. Yashiro; A. Oyama; K. Tanno The effects of several oxoacid salts (sulfate, molybdate, phosphate, and nitrate) on pitting behavior of type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel (SS) were examined to characterize their performance in high-temperature chloride solutions through measurement of pitting...

...S. El Hajjaji; L. Aries; N. Pebere; F. Dabosi; J.-P. Audouard; A. Ben Bachir The passive state behavior of the ferritic Z1 CD 29-4 stainless steel (SS) in industrial phosphoric acid (40 wt% H₃PO₄ with 1,000 ppm chloride [Cl^–] and 330 ppm sulfate...

...H.M. Saffarian; Q. Gan; R. Hadkar; G.W. Warren The corrosion behavior of arc-melted binary titanium aluminide intermetallics TiAl, Ti₃Al, and TiAl₃ in aqueous sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions was measured and compared...

...R.B. Rebak; Z. Xia; R. Safruddin; Z. Szklarska-Smialowska Electrochemical measurements and constant extension rate tests (CERT) of cold-worked X-52 carbon steel showed stress corrosion cracking (SCC) can be induced in aqueous sulfate ( SO 4 2 − ), bicarbonate ( HCO 3...

... (FeCl₃·6H₂O)-coagulated waters exhibited reduced i_corr. This difference was attributed to the relative effects of added sulfate (SO₄²⁻) via alum coagulation vs added chloride (Cl⁻) via FeCl₃·6H₂O coagulation. The effect...