Search Results for water

...Abstract This paper presents the findings of an investigation that was carried out to determine the root cause of the premature failure of Ni-coated carbon steel fittings on the water injection composite piping system installed at an oil production facility in Western Canada. The facility had been...

...Abstract Under-deposit corrosion represents one of the most damaging forms of corrosion to the piping system in oil and gas pipelines. It is one of the most critical phenomena leading to pipeline failures, and can occur in sub-sea water injection pipelines, well-fluid pipelines, and large diameter...

... chemical attack as the concentration of the water decreases — and the chemical concentration increases — due to evaporation into the air. Additionally, constant abrasion as the liquid and foreign material constantly slide across the invert area would be an in-service issue. The lining system could easily...

...The failure of a potable water tank liner is never a good thing, but the failure of a potable water tank on a yacht is particularly problematic because the only source of fresh water for those aboard the boat is now contaminated. The failure of a potable water tank liner is never a good thing...

...In this chapter, challenges for “corrosion management” will provide insight into the difficulties of reducing corrosion management in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) to standard practices. The discussion will be limited to reactions of metal ions originating from metallic materials...

... that this area would also see chemical attack as the concentration of the water decreases — and the chemical concentration increases — due to evaporation into the air. Additionally, constant abrasion as the liquid and foreign material constantly slide across the invert area would be an in-service issue...

... or expensive to conduct in-line inspections or the direct assessment methodologies. Although hydrostatic pressure tests can be conducted on existing, operational, gas transmission pipelines, it is not often undertaken due to the challenges in removing absolutely all the water following the test. Personnel...

...Introduction A major use of water in industry is the transfer of heat and the production of steam. There is extensive use of cooling water in almost every manufacturing process, in commercial air conditioning, and even a substantial percentage in domestic air conditioning. Water is used...

... INTRODUCTION. Among the various dissolved impurities present in the natural waters, metal ions including aluminum, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc when present at low concentrations (e.g., few milligrams per liter, mg/L) pose the most serious problems in many domestic and industrial applications...

...Abstract. Industrial water system components are at increasing risk of damage due to corrosion and metal loss as they get close to the end of their design life or if the system exhibits any of the following: accelerated corrosion, perforation, deposit build up (plugging), discoloration...

... by a high sodium content. ² Distortion of water circulation caused by a change in flame pattern or shape leads to similar but generally less severe effects as flame impingement. In addition, a flow restriction on the waterside may reduce coolant flow again altering the circulation pattern...

...Abstract. Water scarcity, water reuse, and environmental concerns present challenges for cooling water systems (CWSs). Operating CWSs at high cycles of concentration (COC) increases the deposition potential on heat exchangers, tower fill, and piping. These conditions necessitate robust treatment...

...Abstract. This paper will describe the development of a new High Charge Polymer (HCP) for cooling water applications. This new polymer provides superior deposit control in stressed applications where high temperature, hardness, phosphate, pH and metals contamination can reduce dispersant...

...COMPOSITION OF SUBSTITUTE OCEAN WATER. Stock Solution No. 1—Dissolve the indicated amounts of the following salts in water and dilute to a total volume of 7.0 L. Store in well stoppered glass containers. Stock Solution No. 2—Dissolve the indicated amounts of the following salts...

...First Glance Many overhead systems operate quite satisfactorily without water injection of any kind, while others rely on intermittent water injection depending on the plant operators’ perceived need to improve heat transfer in certain problem heat exchangers. In general, wash water injection...

...The previous two chapters dealt with the specific environments of the atmosphere and underground. In this chapter, the use of copper and its alloys in applications associated with waters of one type or another are reviewed. Where specific types of corrosion may occur, the reader is referred...

... formation. It was also reported that there was a need to review the current recommendations relating to alkalinity limits in industrial boilers before initiating a project to develop An Alkalinity Supplement/Addendum to the Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater and Boiler Water...

...Abstract. Recycled water quality must be evaluated to determine its potential impact on the cooling water contacted equipment. This includes the heat transfer units, the cooling tower and even the piping of the entire cooling tower water system. Some recycled waters require further pretreatment...

...Introduction Modeling scale risk in gas wells is, in principle, similar to predicting scale risk in oil wells; the chemical and thermodynamic laws are the same. But because gas and oil (liquid) behave differently, the factors that influence the scale risk when gas and water are flowing from...