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Book Chapter

Controlling of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization by Using Cross-Linked Vinylphosphonic Acid Polymer.

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Published: 01 January 2017
10.5006/37628-ch09
EISBN: 978-1-57590-357-6
ISBN: 978-1-57590-457-3
... developed crosslinked vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) polymer for inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization. VPA polymer has been synthesized by introducing N,N-Methylene bis acrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker to investigate the influence as an additive on crystallization of calcium oxalate in aqueous...
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Book Chapter

A New Heavy Metal-Free, Low P-Content Corrosion Inhibitor for Evaporative Cooling Systems based on Phosphorous Modified Organic Acid.

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Published: 01 January 2017
10.5006/37628-ch13
EISBN: 978-1-57590-357-6
ISBN: 978-1-57590-457-3
... of heavy metals. Consequently, there is a need for corrosion inhibitors with an improved environmental profile and/or improved performance. This contribution shows the results obtained with a newly developed corrosion inhibitor, phosphorous modified organic acid (PMOA). It is free of heavy metals and has...
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Book Chapter

Corrosion in Sulfuric Acid

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Published: 01 January 2016
10.5006/37604-ch04
EISBN: 978-1-57590-314-9
ISBN: 978-1-57590-007-0
...Many metal recovery processes involve treating a slurry of crushed ore and water with sulfuric acid. Some mines import concentrated acid, while others have an acid plant on site. The selection of materials for acid plants and for handling concentrated sulfuric acid is discussed in the next chapter...
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Book Chapter

Materials for Sulfuric Acid in Production Plants

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Published: 01 January 2016
10.5006/37604-ch05
EISBN: 978-1-57590-314-9
ISBN: 978-1-57590-007-0
...Sulfuric acid is the worlds largest commodity chemical. Globally, the production and consumption of sulfuric acid is more or less in balance. Acid produced by a copper smelter may be transported and used by a chemical industry operation and waste acid from an oil refinery alkylation process may...
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Book Chapter

Atmospheric Acid Leaching

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Published: 01 January 2016
10.5006/37604-ch06
EISBN: 978-1-57590-314-9
ISBN: 978-1-57590-007-0
...Many operations extract metals from ore by leaching the finely ground ore in an acidic solution. There are a number of methods for doing this and they can be summarized as three separate processes: Heap leaching Slurry leaching Bioleaching All of the above are used for copper extraction...
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Book Chapter

Pressure Acid Leaching

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Published: 01 January 2016
10.5006/37604-ch07
EISBN: 978-1-57590-314-9
ISBN: 978-1-57590-007-0
... processes is justified because of the higher recovery rates that are possible (90 to 98%). All the pressure leaching processes involve heating a slurry of the crushed and milled ore, feeding it into an autoclave where the acid and other reactants are added to react with the metal species, and then cooling...
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Book Chapter

Guidelines for the Handling and Storage of Concentrated (90 to 98.5%) Sulfuric Acid

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Published: 01 January 2016
10.5006/37604-appendix_b
EISBN: 978-1-57590-314-9
ISBN: 978-1-57590-007-0
...Guidelines for the Handling and Storage of Concentrated (90 to 98.5%) Sulfuric Acid Introduction The following are guidelines intended for engineers who are designing, installing, and commissioning systems to store and transport concentrated sulfuric acid. These guidelines are for sulfuric acid...
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Book Chapter

Naphthenic Acid Corrosion

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Published: 01 January 2016
10.5006/37612-ch07
EISBN: 978-1-57590-330-9
ISBN: 978-1-57590-453-5
...First Glance Carbon steel, low-alloy Cr-Mo steels, and 12Cr stainless steel are subject to naphthenic acid corrosion (NAC) in the high-temperature circuits of crude and upgrader units at metal temperatures above approximately 230 °C (450 °F). NAC corrosion is caused by naphthenic acids in certain...
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Images
Ferrous/Citric Acid Speciation (10% Citric Acid Solution, Equimolar Iron)

Ferrous/Citric Acid Speciation (10% Citric Acid Solution, Equimolar Iron)

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in Removal of Inorganic Deposits with Aqueous Solvents. > Technology for Chemical Cleaning of Industrial Equipment
Published: 01 January 2018
Figure 4.7. Ferrous/Citric Acid Speciation (10% Citric Acid Solution, Equimolar Iron) More about this image found in Ferrous/Citric Acid Speciation (10% Citric Acid Solution, Equimolar Iron)
Images
Four 7,500 metric ton sulfuric acid storage tanks used to store the acid that is produced by capturing SO2 from a copper smelter. These are carbon steel and have anodic protection systems to reduce corrosion.

Four 7,500 metric ton sulfuric acid storage tanks used to store the acid th...

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in Materials for Sulfuric Acid in Production Plants > The Selection of Materials for Mineral Processing Operations
Published: 01 January 2016
FIGURE 5.4 Four 7,500 metric ton sulfuric acid storage tanks used to store the acid that is produced by capturing SO2 from a copper smelter. These are carbon steel and have anodic protection systems to reduce corrosion. More about this image found in Four 7,500 metric ton sulfuric acid storage tanks used to store the acid th...
Images
Amorphous silica (top) and silicic acid (H2SiO3) (bottom) models.

Amorphous silica (top) and silicic acid (H2SiO3) (bot...

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in Silica and Silicate Deposits > Oilfield Scale Mitigation-From Prediction to Prevention: Tackling Challenges in Energy Transition and Sustainability
Published: 01 January 2025
Figure 16.1 Amorphous silica (top) and silicic acid (H2SiO3) (bottom) models. More about this image found in Amorphous silica (top) and silicic acid (H2SiO3) (bot...
Images
Polymerization of monomeric silica to polysilicic acid.

Polymerization of monomeric silica to polysilicic acid.

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in Silica and Silicate Deposits > Oilfield Scale Mitigation-From Prediction to Prevention: Tackling Challenges in Energy Transition and Sustainability
Published: 01 January 2025
Figure 16.2 Polymerization of monomeric silica to polysilicic acid. More about this image found in Polymerization of monomeric silica to polysilicic acid.
Images
Reaction of metal hydroxide with silicic acid to form metal silicates.

Reaction of metal hydroxide with silicic acid to form metal silicates.

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in Silica and Silicate Deposits > Oilfield Scale Mitigation-From Prediction to Prevention: Tackling Challenges in Energy Transition and Sustainability
Published: 01 January 2025
Figure 16.3 Reaction of metal hydroxide with silicic acid to form metal silicates. More about this image found in Reaction of metal hydroxide with silicic acid to form metal silicates.
Images
Molecular structure of phosphino-polycarboxylic acid.

Molecular structure of phosphino-polycarboxylic acid.

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in Scale Inhibitor and Evaluation > Oilfield Scale Mitigation-From Prediction to Prevention: Tackling Challenges in Energy Transition and Sustainability
Published: 01 January 2025
Figure 5.5 Molecular structure of phosphino-polycarboxylic acid. More about this image found in Molecular structure of phosphino-polycarboxylic acid.
Images
Molecular structure of polyamino polyether methylene phosphonic acid.

Molecular structure of polyamino polyether methylene phosphonic acid.

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in Scale Inhibitor and Evaluation > Oilfield Scale Mitigation-From Prediction to Prevention: Tackling Challenges in Energy Transition and Sustainability
Published: 01 January 2025
Figure 5.7 Molecular structure of polyamino polyether methylene phosphonic acid. More about this image found in Molecular structure of polyamino polyether methylene phosphonic acid.
Images
Molecular structure of polyaspartic acid.

Molecular structure of polyaspartic acid.

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in Scale Inhibitor and Evaluation > Oilfield Scale Mitigation-From Prediction to Prevention: Tackling Challenges in Energy Transition and Sustainability
Published: 01 January 2025
Figure 5.10 Molecular structure of polyaspartic acid. More about this image found in Molecular structure of polyaspartic acid.
Images
Molecular structure of polytartartic acid.

Molecular structure of polytartartic acid.

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in Scale Inhibitor and Evaluation > Oilfield Scale Mitigation-From Prediction to Prevention: Tackling Challenges in Energy Transition and Sustainability
Published: 01 January 2025
Figure 5.11 Molecular structure of polytartartic acid. More about this image found in Molecular structure of polytartartic acid.
Images
The major factors that affect acid-wash effectiveness are acid concentration, dwell time, and pipe temperature. Critical issues include maintaining a wet surface until rinse, adequate rinse with low-conductivity water, and oil-free air if used for drying. The photograph shows the action of the phosphoric acid on the blastcleaned steel. The white color comes from hydrogen bubbles given off during the reaction. (Photo courtesy of the author and drawing courtesy of J.P. Kehr.)

The major factors that affect acid-wash effectiveness are acid concentratio...

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in FBE Application Processes. > Fusion-Bonded Epoxy (FBE): A Foundation for Pipeline Corrosion Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Figure 8.20. The major factors that affect acid-wash effectiveness are acid concentration, dwell time, and pipe temperature. Critical issues include maintaining a wet surface until rinse, adequate rinse with low-conductivity water, and oil-free air if used for drying. The photograph shows More about this image found in The major factors that affect acid-wash effectiveness are acid concentratio...
Images
Plot of the percentile distribution of organic acids concentrations. Produced with data from the USGS National Produced Waters Geochemical Database.16

Plot of the percentile distribution of organic acids concentrations. Produc...

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in Overview > Oilfield Scale Mitigation-From Prediction to Prevention: Tackling Challenges in Energy Transition and Sustainability
Published: 01 January 2025
Figure 1.4 Plot of the percentile distribution of organic acids concentrations. Produced with data from the USGS National Produced Waters Geochemical Database. 16 More about this image found in Plot of the percentile distribution of organic acids concentrations. Produc...
Images
Weight change of the HISSs and benchmark steel during exposure to acid-gas chloride brine at 120°C (for 40 days; the total pressure was 8 bar [PH2S=37.5%,PCO2=62.5%] and the solution was 3.5 wt% NaCl solution).25

Weight change of the HISSs and benchmark steel during exposure to acid-gas ...

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in Materials Development for Life Extension in Severe Corrosion Environments Experienced in the Oil and Gas Industry > Corrosion Management for a Sustainable Future
Published: 01 January 2022
Figure 6.6 Weight change of the HISSs and benchmark steel during exposure to acid-gas chloride brine at 120°C (for 40 days; the total pressure was 8 bar [ P H 2 S = 37.5 % , P CO 2 = 62.5 % ] and the solution was 3.5 wt% NaCl solution). 25 More about this image found in Weight change of the HISSs and benchmark steel during exposure to acid-gas ...